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Firms can use dividends and/or share repurchases to distribute cash to shareholders. Jagannathan, Stephens, and Weisbach (2000) argue that managers tend to use dividends to pay out permanent cash flows and repurchases to pay out temporary cash flows. This paper examines Korean firms’ decisions on their choices between paying out cash flows in the form of dividends or share repurchases. We focus on the permanence of cash flows. To complete this analysis, we decompose cash flows into a transitory component and a permanent one of each firm, employing the approach of Beveridge and Nelson (1981). We find that higher permanent cash flows increase the probability of a dividend increase, while higher temporary cash flows increase the probability of repurchases. And Korean firms tend to choose both dividend change and repurchases when temporary cash flows increase, rather than to choose only repurchases without dividend change. These empirical results show that Korean firms take into consideration of permanence of cash flows in the choice of their payout methods.

The purpose of this study is to introduce a dedicated simulator to automatically generate and simulate a balanced apparel assembly line, which is critical to the digital twin concept in apparel manufacturing. Given the low automation level in apparel manufacturing, this is a first step toward the implementation of a smart factory based on cyber-physical systems.

The mixed task assignment algorithm was implemented to automatically generate a module-based apparel assembly line in the developed simulator. To validate the developed simulator, a case study was conducted using process analysis data of technical jackets obtained from an apparel manufacturer. The case study included three scenarios: calculating the number of workers, selecting orders based on factory capacity and managing unexpected worker absences.

The developed simulator is approximately 97.2% accurate in assigning appropriate tasks to workstations using the mixed task assignment algorithm. The simulator was also found to be effective in supporting decision-making for production planning, order selection and apparel assembly line management. In addition, the module-based line generation algorithm made it easy to modify the assembly line.

This study contributes a novel approach to address the challenge of low automation levels in apparel manufacturing by introducing a dedicated simulator. This dedicated simulator improves the efficiency of virtual apparel assembly line generation and simulation, which distinguishes it from existing commercial simulation software.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a similarity evaluation method between virtual and actual clothing.

The paper analyzes the subjective and objective evaluation results of virtual and actual clothing.

In this paper, significant factors affecting the evaluation of similarity between actual and virtual clothing have been found.

Evaluation experiment was performed only for a skirt. However, the method can be easily applied for other types of garments.

The evaluation of similarity between actual and virtual garment will be facilitated.

The garment design process can be facilitated by simulating garments in virtual space.

There has not been any quantitative evaluation method for the similarity of virtual and actual garment.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for an interactive clothing that offers a self-directed learning environment in which learners can practice exercises in a time and cost-efficient manner.

To verify the validity of the framework, an interactive shirt has been developed that can help its wearer practicing certain motor skills in a self-directed manner. This shirt enables the wearer to set reference body postures and to compare current posture with them and can notify whether its wearer repeats them correctly or not through vibrotactile feedback.

The interactive shirt prototype developed in this study will offer an environment in which learners can practice exercises in a time and cost-efficient manner.

The smart garment framework developed in this study consists of sensor-actuator module, switch device and control software. As this framework is easily scalable, it is expected that it can be used for various smart garment projects where an interaction between the garment and its wearer is needed.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a versatile and extensible three-dimensional (3D) body measurement system.

An integrated development environment and a script language compiler were designed for easy definition of measurement process.

Researchers can do every kind of anthropometric research with respect to gender, age or race simply by writing appropriate scripts.

System does not support the management of 3D data itself. The possible flaws of data should be removed by other hardware specific software.

Researchers without comprehensive knowledge of computer programming can conduct complex anthropometric research by simply learning the concise script language.

This system will facilitate many anthropometric research works and will help to provide valuable information to many industries.

This is the first script language based body data analysis system. The script language consists of about 60 simple commands. Researchers will be able to concentrate more on the research topic itself than on the painstaking computer programming.

The purpose of this study is to develop a modular garment assembly line simulator that can be used for various production methods such as traditional mass production or modern small quantity batch production.

For realistic simulation, the actual shape and sewing information of the garment patterns were used. The assembly line consists of process units including the cutter, preprocessor, module assembly, final assembly, finish, and stack units. Any number of units can be arranged and connected to form various layouts. The simulation can be run at an arbitrary speed.

This system can be used to estimate the time required to process the given order for a specific layout. Therefore, it can be utilized as the basis for optimum production line design.

This system is expected to be utilized by garment manufacturers for obtaining the productivity improvement, production cost reduction, and increased competitiveness.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a software can generate helmet mold from three-dimensional (3D) human body scan data.

An algorithm has been developed to divide data into arbitrary number of groups considering the width, length and height of head using the standard normal distribution theory. A basic helmet mold is generated automatically based on the shape of representative convex hull for each group.

It is possible to analyze the 3D human body scan data of groups with various characteristics and apply them to mass customized production of helmet.

This methodology can be applied for designing other products related to the head shape such as goggles and masks by varying the measurement items of the head.

This methodology will enable mass customized production centered on consumers in the production and design of various equipment and goods to be worn on the head.

An algorithm has been developed to define the vertex point, which is the limit of scan data, for the analysis of 3D human body scan data scan data. In addition, a system was developed that can mass-produce customized products by effectively dividing groups while taking into account the physical characteristics of consumers.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a system to design a bulletproof pad for chest protection using three-dimensional body scan data.

Body data were divided into arbitrary number of groups based on the standard normal distribution theory, considering the width and height of the upper body. Several parameters were used to define the cover area of the bulletproof pad, and the shape of this area of each model in a group was averaged to generate the standard bulletproof pad model for that group.

It is possible to use three-dimensional body scan data in the design process of a mass-customized bulletproof pad for chest protection.

It is expected that it would be possible to design not only bulletproof pad but also many kinds of body-related products that need to reflect the shape of body using the methodology developed in this study.

Using this system, the mass customization of special garments and equipment would be possible, which will improve the wearers’ comfort and work efficiency.

Three-dimensional body measurement, parametric definition of cover area and user interface for shape modification developed in this study will facilitate the consumer-oriented product design.

The purpose of this study is to develop an easy-to-use CAD software for fashion flat sketch that can create new sketches by combining the flat sketch modules.

A sample fashion flat module database was constructed by performing a sketch modularization process as well as a morphological analysis. In addition, an automatic module assembling algorithm was developed to create new sketches using the database.

The module assembling algorithm enabled the users to make new fashion flat sketches by the combination of design modules in the database. The example database constructed in this study was composed of bodice, sleeve, collar, cuffs and pocket modules chosen based on the results of a morphological analysis.

A CAD program has been developed that might improve the efficiency of design work by helping the users to make fashion flat sketches more easily.

The automatic module assembling algorithm developed in this study has not been implemented in any existing commercial systems. It is expected that users who do not have expertise in fashion design could be able to participate from the clothing design stage as a mass customization prosumer by using the software.

The purpose of this paper is to encourage the generation of 3D printed garments by developing a new software to open new potential of whole garment production in the fashion field.

The authors developed a 3D printed garment design software using flat patterns and design motifs, to allow fast and easy generation of a 3D printed garment. Users can generate motif-based design easily using various user interfaces.

A 3D printed garment could be printed not only by expensive SLS type printers but also by affordable FDM type printers with a simple assembly process using the software developed in this study.

Newly developed 3D printed garment design software enables the users to generate 3D printed garments easily using flat patterns and design motifs, without having to go through a complex and arduous 3D modeling process using commercial CAD systems.