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Institutional environment plays a crucial role in determining the nature of entrepreneurship that prevails in an economy. In this paper, the authors address how business, labour and credit regulations contribute differently to both the overall prevalence of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship (ODE) and its gender gap in high-income and emerging economies.

On the basis of an unbalanced panel of 41 countries over the period 2005–2016, the authors estimate system generalised method of moment models. The authors also perform an ordinary least square analysis to address gender differences in ODE.

The authors find that higher credit market liberalisation is especially associated with more entrepreneurship by opportunity. Nevertheless, while credit market regulation stands out as a key element to promote opportunity-based entrepreneurship in both high-income and emerging countries, in the emerging world business regulation is also largely related to the prevalence of opportunity entrepreneurship. In terms of gender gap, business and labour market freedom seem to exert an equalising effect on the divide in entrepreneurship by opportunity, specifically in emerging economies.

Findings allow the identification of regulatory policy reform priorities to enhance the prevalence of ODE depending on the level of a country's development. They also identify which specific areas of economic regulation would speed up closing the gender gap in opportunity entrepreneurship.

In this chapter, we analyse the role of women in armed Basque nationalist and separatist terrorist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) from a gender perspective. ETA women were essential agents in the armed conflict, but their image in the mass media and society has been very different from that of their male colleagues (Rodríguez Lara, 2017). Also, their role in the terrorist gang has described a sexually based functional specialisation. In addition, this chapter seeks to contribute to the area of feminist studies on women and political violence. Women's role in one of the most important armed nationalist groups in Europe, ETA, stands as a suitable case study to understand how the mass media (press, journalism), audiovisual content, and social representations of ETA have portrayed these women. The final conclusion of this chapter is that women were not portrayed in the same way as their male colleagues. Women of ETA were doubly penalised because they were women and because they were terrorists.

This study empirically examines the impact of quality effort orientation on the financial performance of certified Portuguese firms. The results of factor analysis revealed four quality efforts orientation factors. The results of cluster analysis revealed the existence of three distinct groups of firms with regard to quality efforts orientation and performance. The analysis of variance results revealed that firms with a quality efforts orientation focusing on the customer tends to outperform firms utilising other quality efforts orientation with regard to net profit after taxes.

This study aims to analyze communication from the perspective of social marketing, positive emotions, and the topics chosen by Spanish tourist destinations to show their destination image. Additionally, this research shows a message classification model, based on the aforementioned characteristics, that has generated a greater impact, offering clarity to tourism managers on the type of content they should publish to achieve greater visibility.

The methodology used in this work combines content analysis and data mining techniques. The classification tree using the chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) algorithm was selected to determine predictors of like behaviour.

The results show that the predictor variables have been emotions, social marketing and topics. Also, the characteristics of the messages most likely to have a high impact are those related to emotions of joy or happiness, their purpose is behavioural, and they talk about rural, cultural issues, special dates, getaways, or highlights of a town or city for something specific.

This study is the first to analyze the content of the tweets shared by destination tourism managers from a social marketing, positive emotions, and sustainability perspective, determining the possible predictors of likes on Twitter. The authors contribute to the literature by deepening the understanding of how social marketing and the positive emotions promoted drive a more significant impact in tourism communication campaigns on social media. The authors provide destination managers with a way better to understand the variables relevant to users in tourism content.

Research has demonstrated that family businesses limit the goal of maximizing profits in exchange for maintaining control of the company and passing control to future generations. However, these decisions are not always shared by the stakeholders who are outside the family context, making tensions arise within the company that may affect profitability and the share prices of the family business. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the internal tensions in family businesses in the value-added (VA) distribution, and whether these tensions harm their performance as a result of the restrictions under which these companies operate.

A factor analysis has been used to measure the tension that results from VA distribution of a sample of 105 Spanish listed firms for the 2005-2012 period. A regression analysis has been used to study the impact of this tension on their share prices.

Results show that being a family business has a positive effect on the business tension factor and that returns and share prices are inversely related to tension factors. Thus, the authors conclude that the decision to maintain control over the family business threatens profitability and share prices.

An analysis of distribution of VA in family businesses sheds light on whether or not the management in its decisions preserves its socioemotional wealth (SEW) generating tensions among its economic agents, affecting its profitability and continuity. This knowledge is important for company stakeholders and future investors.

This is the first study in which the value-added statement is used to analyse how the management style of firms, and especially family businesses, are seeking to preserve their SEW and internal tensions generated by them.

Se ha investigado que las empresas familiares limitan el objetivo de maximización del beneficio a cambio de mantener el control de la empresa y de transmitir ese control a futuras generaciones. Sin embargo, no siempre esas decisiones son compartidas por los accionistas que se encuentran fuera del contexto familiar, es entonces cuando surgirán tensiones en el interior de la empresa que podrán afectar a la rentabilidad y a la cotización en bolsa de la empresa familiar. Nuestro objetivo es analizar las tensiones internas que sufren las empresas familiares en la distribución del valor añadido y si estas perjudican sus resultados por las restricciones en las que basan su funcionamiento.

Se ha realizado un análisis factorial para medir la tensión que resulta de la distribución del VA en una muestra de 105 empresas españolas cotizadas durante el periodo 2005-2012. Un análisis de regresión ha sido utilizado para estudiar el impacto de esta tensión sobre los precios de sus acciones.

Los resultados muestran que ser empresa familiar ejerce un efecto positivo en el factor tensión empresarial y que, tanto la rentabilidad, como el precio de las acciones, están inversamente relacionados con los factores de tensión. Por ello concluimos que la decisión de mantener el control en las empresas familiares pone en riesgo la rentabilidad y cotización de las acciones.

Un análisis de la distribución del VA en las empresas familiares arroja luz sobre si la dirección, mediante sus decisiones, preserva o no su riqueza socioemocional generando tensiones entre los agentes económicos, afectando a su rentabilidad y continuidad. Este conocimiento es importante para los grupos de interés de la empresa así como para futuros inversores.

Este es el primer estudio en que el Estado del Valor Añadido es utilizado para analizar el estilo de gestión de las empresas, y especialmente como las empresas familiares tratan de preservar su riqueza socioemocional, y las tensiones internas generadas por ello.

Latin American countries must prioritize energy efficiency and renewable energies in their energy policies. This has been debated for the past few decades. However, it is impossible to deny that energy efficiency and renewable energies have significant potential to mitigate the adverse effects of ever-increasing energy consumption induced by economic growth and the transformation of societies toward more energy-intensive models. This chapter identifies how sustainable energy policies could be considered successful in various Latin American economies through an active review and comparison of traditional energy models and their transition and respective consequences. The chapter concludes that there are national energy plans in countries in the region with a sustainable approach, and that clean energy and renewable sources have great potential. But it is also concluded that there is still a long way to go concerning legislation and legal frameworks.

The purpose of this paper is to use an institutional theory (IT) approach to analyse the institutional context for diversity management (DM) in Chile, El Salvador and Guatemala, the influence of such a context on the DM issues that organisations’ face, and the DM practices that firms implement.

Focus groups and a survey are used to assess managers and workers’ perceptions about DM in their countries, while an analysis of the content of firms’ web pages is used to assess the formal public information about DM provided by firms.

Results suggest prevalence of perceptions, among both managers and employees, of discrimination at the workplace, facilitated by cultural forces that undervalue human diversity. Firms’ DM responses seem to be led by multinational companies, and focussed on fighting discrimination, facilitating inclusion and pursuing external legitimacy.

This study is among the first to analyse DM in Latin American organisations. Furthermore, three studies, with different methodologies, support several IT propositions that emphasise the role of institutional forces in explaining organisations’ implementation of DM practices. The relevance and challenges of developing DM programmes in Latin America are discussed.

Este artículo utiliza la Teoría Institucional para analizar el contexto que rodea la Gestión de la Diversidad (GD) en empresas operando en Chile, El Salvador y Guatemala, y la influencia de este contexto en los temas de GD que enfrentan las organizaciones, y en las prácticas de GD que éstas implementan.

Se utilizan grupos focales y una encuesta para evaluar la percepción de administradores y trabajadores sobre la GD en sus países, y se utiliza un análisis del contenido de las páginas web de las empresas para evaluar la información pública y formal proporcionada por las empresas sobre la GD.

Los resultados sugieren la prevalencia, tanto entre los directivos como empleados, de percepciones de discriminación en el lugar de trabajo, facilitadas por fuerzas culturales que desvalorizan la diversidad humana. Las intervenciones de las empresas en GD aparecen lideradas por compañías multinacionales, y se enfocan en combatir la discriminación, facilitar la inclusión y buscar legitimidad externa.

Este artículo es uno de los primeros en analizar la GD en organizaciones latinoamericanas. Además, se presentan tres estudios que, con diferentes metodologías, apoyan varias proposiciones de la Teoría Institucional, las que enfatizan el rol de las fuerzas institucionales en explicar la implementación de prácticas de GD por parte de las organizaciones. Se discute la relevancia y desafíos del desarrollo de programas de GD en América Latina.