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Studies of inequality in higher education on both undergraduate and graduate levels have rarely examined experiences of Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs). In this study, we focus on the experiences and outcomes of API students in doctoral education. More specifically, we examine socialization experiences and research productivity of three groups of students: domestic API, international API, and domestic white students. The results, based on a national cohort of PhD students in biology, reveal notable differences in experiences and outcomes of domestic and international API students. Although variation in socialization experiences explains differences in research productivity in the first year, that is not the case in the second year of doctoral study. In the second year, international API students have publication productivity comparable to their white peers, despite less favorable socialization experiences. Domestic API students, however, have lower research productivity than their white peers, even though they have comparable socialization experiences. Given the presumption of APIs’ success, especially in the STEM fields, findings for domestic API students are surprising and not aligned with the model minority stereotype. Contributions to research on API students, doctoral education, and socialization theory are discussed.

The traffic assignment problem aims to predict driver route choice, and is typically applied in the assessment of road schemes. The authors have previously published an SUE (Stochastic User Equilibrium) assignment algorithm, i.e. one which models variation in driver perception, and cost variation due to congestion. The algorithm works by minimising a function given by Sheffi and Powell (1982); in this paper the three terms of the function are investigated separately, and the possibility explored of constructing more sophisticated versions of the SUE algorithm.