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The objective of three combined empirical studies is to provide a leadership model that could be effective in Confucian culture and to suggest framework that effectively integrates the traits and behaviors employed by leaders in influencing others. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

This paper presents results from three empirical studies. Study 1 explored the concept of kunja leadership (KL) and its theoretical structure and developed a scale to measure it. Study 2 examined the convergent and discriminant validity of KL compared with transformational leadership (TL) and authentic leadership (AL) at the team level. Study 3 tested the effectiveness of KL at the team level examining the effects of trust in the leader on perceived team performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).

The results of Study 1 supported the concept of KL consisting of humanity, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, and trustworthiness. These five sub-concepts all have high, positive correlations and can be securely identified as a leader’s moral traits and managerial behaviors. The results of Study 2 supported the hypothesis that KL was a mutually independent leadership model reflecting Asian values. The results of Study 3 reported that trust in the leader completely mediated the relationships between KL, group performance, and OCB.

Two additional trials would be helpful in future research. The nomological validity of the KL model in this paper was only examined empirically, with data collected from Korea. Thus, additional research is needed to examine its explanatory power in other countries with a Confucian culture. Additionally, this study assesses the originality of KL by comparing it, theoretically and empirically, with TL and AL. However, some may question the representativeness of these two leadership models and some may consider that KL may be more similar to other leadership models. Thus, to address these potential questions, the author briefly refer to the similarities and differences between the KL model and paternal leadership and democratic leadership models in the literature review. However, this paper did not empirically provide differentiation between KL and these two other leadership models. Thus, efforts that empirically compare KL with conceptually similar leadership models will help in explaining the originality and validity of KL in future research.

First, this paper has presented a modern leadership model centered on kunja, a virtuous leader considered desirable in Eastern Asian society. As House (1997) pointed out, 98 percent of leadership models reflect only Western values and do not consider different cultural values. This effort to include Asian values in leadership will contribute to the theoretical understanding of an ideal leader in Confucian societies. Second, this paper has suggested an integrative leadership model for leader traits and behaviors, based on the criteria of the five constant values. This contributes to the understanding of cause and effect relations of leadership traits and behaviors.

Kuala Lumpur (KL) emerged as the capital of the newly independent Federation of Malayan States in 1957 with a population of 316,000. Over the next 60 years, the city expanded into a major urban regional conurbation. It now covers an area of 2,790 km² and has a population of around 7.7 million. In the last two decades, market-driven, fast-track development, underpinned by road infrastructure has accelerated the city's urban transformation. Especially over the last two decades, a spate of urban redevelopments, including commercial and retail complexes, specialised centres, industrial parks, educational complexes and residential estates have transformed the Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan Region (KLMR) beyond recognition. KL is only one example among many of intensive Southeast Asian property-led urban development, fuelled by demographic pressures and global capital inflows that transformed the regional natural and built environments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of globalisation, neoliberalism and property-led development, on the built form and socio-cultural legacies of the KLMR.

The major aim of this study is to determine how neoliberalism and property-led development have impacted the urban form and structure of the KLMR. The methodology applied in this study concentrates mainly on the use of qualitative research methods. The major qualitative research methods include qualitative analysis, field surveys and observations, primary and secondary data collection. The approach in this study is to exemplify the shift from government-sponsored development in the post-independence period to the current globalised-private oriented development.

The major findings of this research suggest that the global, property-led mode of urban development, whilst superficially successful, undermined traditional and tropical-climate urban landscapes. It also bequeathed many urban or property level problems, including traffic congestion, air pollution, planning governance and building management issues. The paper outlines narratives for a more balanced and sustainable mode of urban development, which is more in tune with local culture and climatic conditions.

This paper provides a deep insight analysis and evaluation of KL's growth from a small town into a global metropolitan region where property-led development dictates the rules and determines the character of the city.

Web users' clustering is an important mining task since it contributes in identifying usage patterns, a beneficial task for a wide range of applications that rely on the web. The purpose of this paper is to examine the usage of Kullback‐Leibler (KL) divergence, an information theoretic distance, as an alternative option for measuring distances in web users clustering.

KL‐divergence is compared with other well‐known distance measures and clustering results are evaluated using a criterion function, validity indices, and graphical representations. Furthermore, the impact of noise (i.e. occasional or mistaken page visits) is evaluated, since it is imperative to assess whether a clustering process exhibits tolerance in noisy environments such as the web.

The proposed KL clustering approach is of similar performance when compared with other distance measures under both synthetic and real data workloads. Moreover, imposing extra noise on real data, the approach shows minimum deterioration among most of the other conventional distance measures.

The experimental results show that a probabilistic measure such as KL‐divergence has proven to be quite efficient in noisy environments and thus constitute a good alternative, the web users clustering problem.

This work is inspired by the usage of divergence in clustering of biological data and it is introduced by the authors in the area of web clustering. According to the experimental results presented in this paper, KL‐divergence can be considered as a good alternative for measuring distances in noisy environments such as the web.

Kelp is widely productive and inexpensive. The purpose of this study is to explore kelp liquid (KL) as an environment-friendly water-based lubricant, which is expected to replace some industrial lubricants and protect the environment while satisfying lubricating performance.

In this experiment, the soaked kelp was broken up by a wall-breaking machine to get the KL by a centrifuge. Elements and crystal structure of KL samples were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra. The friction test is carried out by the relative movement of the polyethylene ball and the aluminum disk on the friction tester.

Friction experiments showed that 0.1 Wt.% KL has a good lubrication effect, and the average coefficient of friction is 0.063 under the condition of applying a 10 N load and moving at a speed of 2.0 cm/s. KL has good thermal conductivity with excellent cooling effect and high intermolecular force which makes high viscosity for excellent lubricating behavior, at the meantime molecules in solution remain stable which shows an excellent dispersibility.

At present, the research on kelp mainly focuses on its medicinal value and abundant nutritional value, and the research on its lubrication effect is less. Based on this situation, this paper explored the characteristics of KL as an environmentally friendly lubricant, which is expected to be used as a green cutting fluid.

This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of organizational information technology (IT)-based and non-IT-based knowledge transfer mechanisms (KTMs) for the retention of different types of knowledge from mobile experts. It differentiates among four types of knowledge loss (KL), namely, conscious knowledge (i.e. individual explicit knowledge that can be codified); codified knowledge (i.e. explicit knowledge captured at the social level); automatic knowledge (i.e. implicit individual knowledge); and collective knowledge (i.e. implicit knowledge embedded in the organization).

A research framework connecting the organizational knowledge retention (KR) cycle to KL is developed and an exploratory analysis is conducted using data from two case studies in the Canadian federal public service. Findings are confirmed using a third government agency.

Without the right processes in place for organizational knowledge retrieval and reuse, the KR cycle is not complete, leading to KL. The lack of available social KTMs for the conversion of individual to social objectified knowledge leads to KL. KTMs shortcomings increase the risk of automatic and objectified KL.

Exploratory results demonstrate that KL does not always equate to lack of KR. Implementing knowledge-specific organizational KTMs is important to encourage the retention of individual knowledge at the social level. Propositions and a framework are developed for future research.

Mobile experts hold valuable knowledge at high risk of being lost by organizations. This paper provides managers with a set of guidelines to develop a knowledge-specific strategy focused on KTMs that increase KR and mitigate KL.

This paper challenges the assumption that KL only results from poor retention and studies both retention and loss to identify additional types of unintentional loss that occur when individual knowledge is not converted to social knowledge.

This chapter considers the ways in which city images “travel” and are consumed at a distance. A significant body of existing research has examined UMPs in terms of attempts to produce particular images of cities for global circulation. Much less attention has been paid to assessing the “success” of imaging strategies – the means by (and extent to) which city images actually circulate and are consumed. Focusing on the travel of UMPs constructed in and around the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur (KL) in the 1990s, the chapter seeks to provide a corrective to the production-centeredness of existing scholarship. Extending fieldwork-based research carried out in Malaysia in the 1990s, the chapter focuses on a series of accidental “encounters” with KL's UMPs outside Malaysia. Part of the aim of the chapter is precisely to begin to think about how the “consumption” side of UMPs, and associated effects, could be examined in more systematic ways in the future. Extra-Malaysian encounters with KL-sited UMPs such as the Kuala Lumpur City Center (KLCC) project are examined in terms of a range of means through which city images circulate: in film and TV performances, as tourist souvenirs and planning models, in building height charts and commercial advertising, and even through academic practices. Most instances in which UMPs are “consumed” at a distance might be banal and seemingly unworthy of study but, collectively, they can serve to forge new imaginings which, in turn, can have profound material implications for the cities concerned.

This paper aims to synthesize a novel alkanolamine borate and explore the performance of as a copper wire drawing oil.

In this paper, a copper wire drawing oil (CU-KL) was formulated by using a novel alkanolamine borate, naphthenic base oil, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether and palm oil. The tribological performance of CU-KL and commercial copper wire drawing oils (CU-DRB and CU-8010) was investigated

Under applied loads of 5 N-15 N, the average friction coefficient of CU-KL was 29.4%, 5.4% and 25.3% lower than that of CU-DRB, respectively. At sliding speed of 1000–5000 rpm, the average friction coefficient of CU-KL was reduced by 14.3%, 6% and 10.3% compared with CU-DRB, respectively. Through scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometry, CU-KL can form B-containing compound at the contact interface, which could synergistically enhance the lubrication effect and improve the wear resistance.

The properties of CU-KL under different test condition were studied, and the findings are of great significance for the application of alkanolamine borate in copper wire drawing oil.

This study aims to investigate how a knowledge-seeking organization’s awareness of valuable knowledge, and the motivation and capability to acquire the knowledge, influence attempts to acquire the knowledge. This study also aims to identify how knowledge-possessing organizations recognize the possibility of and craft strategies to prevent this knowledge leakage.

A process model is created and an empirical examination is performed to help knowledge-possessing organizations understand and identify situations where potential knowledge-seeking organizations will attempt to acquire valuable knowledge.

Knowledge-seeking organizations must be aware of valuable knowledge, and have the motivation and capability to acquire it in order to attempt to acquire the knowledge. Accordingly, knowledge-possessing organizations can inhibit awareness, motivation and capability of potential knowledge-seeking organizations to stave off and degrade knowledge acquisition attempts.

Employment of the awareness, motivation and capability framework provides a comprehensive approach for researchers to hypothesize and empirically examine the factors most relevant to knowledge leakage. This approach expands the literature on absorptive capacity by increasing emphasis on awareness and motivation with regard to knowledge acquisition.

Employment of the awareness, motivation and capability framework provides managers with the means to comprehensively assess the likelihood that other organizations will attempt to acquire their knowledge. It also helps managers determine efficient and effective ways to inhibit knowledge leakage.

The authors pioneer the application of the awareness, motivation and capability framework to knowledge leakage. The authors subsequently propose a process model and empirically examine the relationships pertaining to knowledge leakage and its prevention.

The purpose of this paper is to alleviate the problem of poor robustness and over-fitting caused by large-scale data in collaborative filtering recommendation algorithms.

Interpreting user behavior from the probabilistic perspective of hidden variables is helpful to improve robustness and over-fitting problems. Constructing a recommendation network by variational inference can effectively solve the complex distribution calculation in the probabilistic recommendation model. Based on the aforementioned analysis, this paper uses variational auto-encoder to construct a generating network, which can restore user-rating data to solve the problem of poor robustness and over-fitting caused by large-scale data. Meanwhile, for the existing KL-vanishing problem in the variational inference deep learning model, this paper optimizes the model by the KL annealing and Free Bits methods.

The effect of the basic model is considerably improved after using the KL annealing or Free Bits method to solve KL vanishing. The proposed models evidently perform worse than competitors on small data sets, such as MovieLens 1 M. By contrast, they have better effects on large data sets such as MovieLens 10 M and MovieLens 20 M.

This paper presents the usage of the variational inference model for collaborative filtering recommendation and introduces the KL annealing and Free Bits methods to improve the basic model effect. Because the variational inference training denotes the probability distribution of the hidden vector, the problem of poor robustness and overfitting is alleviated. When the amount of data is relatively large in the actual application scenario, the probability distribution of the fitted actual data can better represent the user and the item. Therefore, using variational inference for collaborative filtering recommendation is of practical value.

International Business, International Entrepreneurship, International Marketing.

Advanced undergraduate and graduate students are the primary audience. The case can also be used in executive classes with emerging economies as a focus.

Kaspersky Lab is a provider of information technology (IT) security products such as anti-virus, anti-spam and network security software. It is Russia's largest software company and the only Russian firm that ranked among the world's top 100 software companies. This case presents several interesting features of the company and its environment. The foci of the case are on potential barriers facing firms based in emerging economies in their internationalization initiatives and negative country of origin effects associated with emerging economies.

The learning objectives of this case include:

• To identify internal and external sources of competitive advantage for a developing world originated successful entrepreneurial firm.

• To assess the potential barriers facing an emerging economy-based firm in the internationalization process and analyse whether such barriers differ across economies of various characteristics.

• To evaluate whether the natures of obstacles and challenges faced by an emerging economy-based firm is different in a newly evolving industry.

• To analyze how an emerging economy-based firm can overcome some of the barriers to internationalization.

To identify internal and external sources of competitive advantage for a developing world originated successful entrepreneurial firm.

To assess the potential barriers facing an emerging economy-based firm in the internationalization process and analyse whether such barriers differ across economies of various characteristics.

To evaluate whether the natures of obstacles and challenges faced by an emerging economy-based firm is different in a newly evolving industry.

To analyze how an emerging economy-based firm can overcome some of the barriers to internationalization.