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Part one of this paper (Alban‐Metcalfe & Alimo‐Metcalfe, 2009) concluded that personal qualities and values, and leadership competencies, are necessary, but not sufficient, for effective leadership. Part two considers the relationship between leader development and leadership development, and presents a ‘conceptual model’ that seeks to integrate three approaches to understanding leadership, and to relate them to the distinction between leader behaviour and leadership behaviour, and to the development of ‘human’ and ‘social capital’.

Part one of this paper draws a distinction between the concepts of the personal qualities and values required of those occupying a leadership role, leadership competencies, and engaging leadership behaviour. On the basis of reviews of the literature and survey, empirical and case study data, it concludes that personal qualities and values, and leadership competencies are necessary, but not sufficient, for effective leadership. Part two goes on to consider the relationship between leader development and leadership development, and to present a ‘mental model’, which seeks to integrate these three concepts and to relate them to the distinction between leader behaviour and leadership behaviour, as well as the development of human and social capital.

After examining the nature and significance of ‘integrative’ leadership, a distinction is drawn between five different formal leadership roles. It is suggested that they tend to be associated with different kinds of problem (‘wicked’, ‘tame’ and ‘crisis’). The paper goes on to consider (1) the different leadership competencies required (political, strategic and operational), and evidence of a cause‐effect relationship between an engaging style of leadership and productivity, and (2) evidence of the impact of leadership behaviour on others. Finally, the paper advocates a modified version of the model of leadership development proposed by Bennington and Hartley (2009).

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between quality of leadership and attitudes to work and a sense of wellbeing at work, and organizational performance.

This is a longitudinal empirical investigation, using quantitative methods.

The findings were fourfold: the leadership instrument used was demonstrated to have convergent, discriminant and predictive validity; differential relationships were found between three aspects of quality of leadership and attitudes to work and a sense of wellbeing at work; one leadership quality – “engaging with others” – was shown to be a significant predictor of organizational performance; leadership quality as assessed by competencies or “capabilities” did not predict performance.

The paper presents evidence of: the validity of a new leadership instrument; the differential relationship between leadership quality and staff attitudes to work and their sense of wellbeing at work; and a predictive relationship between leadership quality and organizational performance.

This paper aims to describe the development of a wholly new model of transformational leadership and its applications in practice.

The paper provides a description of a wholly new, inclusive model of transformational leadership and the way in which it can be applied in practice, in the context of embedding good leadership within the culture of an organisation and ensuring “best practice” in 360‐degree feedback.

The paper finds that the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire (TLQ)™, which is both gender‐ and ethnicity‐inclusive measure of “nearby” leadership, differs fundamentally from the kind of “heroic” models that have emanated from the USA and which have dominated the literature. Comparative data are presented of the mean scores on the TLQ, based on direct reports' ratings of their line manager, across a wide range of public sector organisations, including local government, the NHS, schools, and two central government agencies. Patterns emerge in areas of strength and developmental need, and the implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the impact of leadership behaviour and its effect on the psychological safety and well‐being at work of staff.

The following needs are identified: ‐ to adopt a model of leadership that is relevant to the needs of organisations in the twenty‐first century; to embed good leadership practices at all levels; to ensure that, when 360‐degree feedback is given, it is done so in a way that conforms to the principles of ‘best practice’.

The following model of “nearby” leadership that is described is relevant to leaders at all levels in public and private sector organisations. It points to the consequences of poor leadership behaviour, and the need for the adoption of a model of leadership that is relevant to the needs of the twenty‐first century.

Notions of leadership change over time. The last two decades have been dominated by US models of “heroic” leadership, based largely on predominately male‐biased samples, which have been focused on studies of “distant” leaders, but these are being challenged by the findings from more recent studies which question the potential dangers of adulating the few “gifted” “charismatic” individuals, not least of which because of the disasters they may cause. In addition, there is a growing interest by organisations of identifying how they can increase “engagement” amongst their employees, since this process appears to contribute significantly to organisational success. This study seeks to replicate an earlier study of “nearby” leadership in UK public sector organisations.

The study gathers qualitative data from a sample of female and male managers at various levels in three UK FTSE100 companies, developing a pilot questionnaire, and then gathering quantitative data from 743 managers in a range of UK and Hong Kong private sector organisations, and testing the validity of the instrument in predicting job satisfaction, motivation, commitment, and other psychological variables found to affect performance.

The model of “nearby” leadership to emerge in the private sector was highly similar to the public sector model, but very different from the “heroic” notions of leadership. Twelve dimensions of leadership emerged, all of which were found to predict the criterion variables outcome measures. This has led to the creation of a private sector version of the “(Engaging) Transformational Leadership Questionnaire”™, and provides empirical evidence of it validity among male and female managers in two countries.

There is a need to extend research on the ETLQ in a wider sample of organisations and industries, and to undertake longitudinal studies to examine the predictive validity of the instrument on external outcome variables.

The findings have immediate practical application to leadership development, selection, promotion, appraisal, performance management, and culture change activities.

This investigation has adopted an inclusive approach to investigating the nature of day‐to‐day leadership behaviours that have a significant effect on the levels of stress, job satisfaction, motivation, commitment, engagement, and other psychological outcomes that have been found to significantly affect organisational performance in private sector organisations. It has also tested the validity of a new 360‐feedback instrument on a sample of over 700 direct reports of managers who exert a powerful influence on the motivation, job satisfaction, and commitment of staff at various levels of leadership, based on male and female managers, and individuals from different ethnic backgrounds, in a range of private sector organisations, which focuses on a new model of “nearby” leadership

This paper aims to examine empirical evidence of the criterion, construct, and face validity of two processes commonly used in selection – selection interviews and assessment centres (ACs) – in the selection of chairs of primary care trusts.

A critical review of the literature and an empirical investigation are undertaken.

Evidence is presented of the reliability and the predictive, construct, and face validity of using a combination of selection interviews and AC methodology in appointments to public office. In the light of the evidence of the potential benefits of using more than one approach, it is suggested that a combination of AC methodology and panel interviews be used in making public sector appointments.

The evidence presented supports the decision of the Appointment Commission to use AC methodology in the selection for positions in public office, and points to ways in which the process could be improved.

The paper provides empirical evidence of the reliability and validity of two methodologies used in selection to posts.

The aim of this paper is to present evidence of the reliability and validity of the “Local Government 360 (LG360)”, a diagnostic tool for assessing both competent and engaging leadership behaviour among managers and professionals in local government.

The paper argues that the assessment of both leadership competencies (the “what”) and engaging leadership behaviours (the “how”) is essential for a valid diagnosis of individuals' strengths and developmental needs.

Evidence is presented of the internal consistency (reliability) and the criterion and discriminant validity of the tool, among an opportunity sample comprising 288 local government staff, of whom 143 were female and 77 male; 58 were from a Black and Minority Ethnic background and 220 were White.

Data on the impact of leadership behaviour on direct reports, provided by the LG360, are powerful in providing evidence to emphasise that the way in which a leader behaves can have a significant effect on staff attitudes and wellbeing at work.

Although a number of 360-tools are available, only in a small number of cases are their psychometric properties, particularly empirical evidence of their criterion and discriminant validity, reported.

Western societies have been shaken by the economic crisis brought on by ‘casino capitalism’ and the recklessness of the financial institutions. Once esteemed financial institutions, like Lehman Brothers, are now shown to have used dubious accounting methods to cover losses; and accountants, regulators and governments have come under scrutiny. In public life, the scandal of MPs' expenses at Westminster and the blockages in legislative assemblies in the US are compounded in England by reports of deficient and degrading care in acute hospitals, where organisational considerations appear to have taken over from the prime mission of patient care. At this time, a new, or perhaps rediscovered, form of leadership is required. One that taps into the spirit, the animating and motivating force within individuals and groups, and uses values to create a better public service for all.

Recent criticism of the UK's public sector has rekindled the debate about public service leadership in comparison with the private sector, particularly in the context of the financial austerity we face for years ahead. This article first reviews recent research on leadership and compares the public and private sectors, finding both commonalities and differences. The article then considers the kind of leadership required of public service leaders in the present economic climate and to handle crises and emergencies. The place of individual leadership and collective leadership and consensus is discussed, with a suggestion that charismatic individual leadership may play a more important role in the public sector than it typically has done in less turbulent times in the past. The public sector is becoming more like the private sector in this respect. The article ends with key implications of the analysis for leadership in practice.