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The purpose of this paper is to reveal the knowledge evolution process, research hotspots and future trends in the accessible tourism research literature from 2008 to 2020.

A total of 213 articles on accessible tourism were selected from the core collection database of Web of Science (WoS) and analyzed using CiteSpace.

Over the 13-year period between 2008 and 2020, an increasing number of studies have been published concerning accessible tourism, but the overall base is still small. The research content mainly includes six modules. Among institutions, the University of Technology Sydney has published the largest number of papers. Cooperation among countries involves the USA, the United Kingdom, Australia, Portugal and China. Tourism Management is the leading journal for disseminating research on accessible tourism. Definition of “Accessible tourism” and the different scope of this phenomenon are re-discussed. In recent years, “experience” and “participation” have become the “new favorites” in accessible tourism research, which could reveal insights into future research directions.

The sampling frame was defined in terms of the WoS database and even though this is an important database for global academic information, in the big data era, the authors may have to integrate information from multiple sources to comprehensively reveal and understand knowledge maps. Second, because of the operational constraints of the CiteSpace software, the authors only selected outputs published in peer-reviewed journals, excluding other published works, such as books and conference papers. Finally, because of the language restrictions of the authors, this research is limited to journals published in the English language.

Practically, the results of this study made a conclusion of accessible tourism research so that the researchers can easily know what has currently been done and what future research can do. Tourism managers can also understand the demands and the constraints of tourism for the people who have barriers to travel. They can supply more specific products for the accessible tourism and further promote the construction of barrier-free travel environments.

This paper unifies the literature on senior tourism and people with disabilities tourism, and uses CiteSpace to construct data and network visualizations, including a burst and dynamic analysis for the period covered by the sample. Furthermore, this paper proposed a more diversified accessible tourism.

无障碍旅游：文献计量学研究综述 (2008-2020)

此篇论文目的是通过对2008年到2020年间无障碍旅游研究文献进行科学计量和可视化分析, 展示该领域的知识演变进程、研究热点和未来趋势。

从Web of Science核心合集数据库中经过多次筛选, 挑选出213篇文章, 并利用CiteSpace进行分析。

13年来无障碍旅游的研究文献数量总体呈上升趋势, 但总体基数仍然不大, 研究内容主要包含六个模块。机构中悉尼科技大学的发文量最多。国家间的合作以美国、英国、澳大利亚、葡萄牙和中国为基础。主要发行期刊是Tourism Management。本文还对无障碍旅游的定义和内涵重新进行了思考和讨论。近年来“体验”和“参与”成为了无障碍旅游研究中的“新宠”, 揭示出未来的研究方向。

此篇论文将老年旅游和残障旅游统一起来, 并利用CiteSpace做出清晰的数据和网络展示, 包含了过去13年的突发性和动态性分析。并且, 本文提出了更为广泛和多元的无障碍旅游。

无障碍旅游; 残障旅游; 老年旅游; 文献综述; CiteSpace

文章类型： 研究综述

Turismo accesible: una revisión bibliométrica (2008–2020)

El objetivo de este trabajo es revelar el proceso evolutivo del conocimiento, los puntos críticos de la investigación y las futuras tendencias de la literatura de investigación del turismo accesible del 2008 a 2020.

De la base de datos central de la red científica, se seleccionaron 213 artículos sobre turismo accesible y se analizaron utilizando citespace.

En los 13 años transcurridos entre 2008 y 2020 se han realizado cada vez más publicaciones relacionadas con el turismo accesible, pero la base general sigue siendo pequeña. Las investigaciones incluyen principalmente seis módulos. Entre los institutos, la Universidad Tecnológica de Sídney a publicado el mayor número de investigaciones. La cooperación entre los países incluye a los Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Australia, Portugal y China. La “Tourism Management” es la principal revista de investigación sobre el turismo accesible. Este artículo rediscute la definición de “turismo accesible” y el diferente alcance de este fenómeno. En los últimos años, la “experiencia” y la “participación” se han convertido en el “nuevo favorito” de las investigaciones sobre el turismo accesible, lo que podría revelar perspectivas con relación a la dirección de futuras investigaciones.

Esta investigación combina la literatura relacionada con el turismo adulto mayor y personas con discapacidad, utiliza citespace para construir los datos y la visualización de la red, incluyendo un análisis dinámico y de ráfagas para el período cubierto por la muestra. Además, este documento propone un turismo accesible más diversificado.

Turismo accesible, Personas con discapacidad, Adulto mayor, Bibliometría, CiteSpace

RevisiÓn de la literatura

This study aims to explore the heterogeneity of the tourist market for people with a physical disability (PwPD) based on travel barriers, to serve them better, from a tourism marketing perspective.

A market segmentation analysis was conducted on a sample of 480 PwPD in Sichuan Province, China, based on their perceived travel barriers. Data were obtained through three on-site and four online surveys. A four-step factor-item mixed segmentation, including factor analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and chi-square tests, was applied to examine the differences among PwPD tourist market segments in terms of various demographic characteristics, disability conditions (e.g. duration of disabilities and causes of impairment) and travel features (e.g. travel frequency and tourist destinations).

This study revealed that the PwPD tourist market is heterogeneous due to individual perceived travel barriers. Three market segments were identified, namely, the Explorer Moderates group, the Explorer Minimals group and the Explorer Intensives group. Additionally, the three market segments were found to have significant differences in terms of travel barriers, demographic characteristics, travel features and disability conditions.

This research provides suggestions for authorities and private entities to optimize the layout of accessible facilities in public areas for the benefit of all. It also offers crucial implications for tourism marketers to determine the key facets of marketing, for travel organizers to evolve the organization of travel groups for PwPD, and for practitioners to provide personalized tourism services.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to apply perceived travel barriers as a market segmentation criterion in understanding PwPD as a heterogeneous travel market. The findings of this study initially expand the scope of application of the travel barrier model and deepen understanding of the Chinese PwPD tourist market from a marketing perspective. The study results elucidated the heterogeneity and characteristics of this market through a four-step factor-item mixed segmentation approach, offering new insights into the behaviors and experiences of travelers with disabilities.

本研究旨在探索肢体残障人士旅游市场的异质性, 以便从旅游营销的角度更好地为他们服务。

基于对中国四川480名肢残人士出游障碍感知的问卷调查, 探索了肢残人士的旅游市场细分。数据是通过七次现场和在线调查获得; 采用四步因子-项目混合细分法, 根据残障状况、人口统计特征和旅游特征, 识别出肢残群体旅游细分市场之间的差异。

研究发现, 基于个体感知的出游障碍, 肢残群体旅游市场是异质的, 研究确定了三个细分市场, 即低度、中度和高度受限群体。三个细分市场在出行障碍、人口特征、出游特征和残障状况方面存在显著差异。

这项研究有助于政府管理部门优化公共区域无障碍设施布局; 旅游营销者确定营销的重点, 并为旅游组织者设计肢残旅游团体成员构成, 以及从业者提供个性化旅游服务提供重要的启示。

论文首次将感知出游障碍作为市场细分标准, 用以理解肢残群体作为异质游客市场。本研究的发现拓展了出游障碍模型的应用范围, 并从市场营销的角度加深了对中国肢残游客市场的理解。研究结果通过四步因子-项目混合细分方法阐明了该市场的异质性和特点, 为肢残游客的行为和体验研究提供了新见解。

Este estudio explora la heterogeneidad del mercado turístico de las personas con discapacidad física (PcDF) en función de las barreras percibidas para viajar, con el fin de prestarles un mejor servicio desde una perspectiva de marketing turístico.

Se realizó un análisis de segmentación de mercado en una muestra de 480 PcDF en Sichuan, China, en función de las barreras que percibían para viajar. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de tres encuestas in situ y cuatro encuestas en línea. Se aplicó una segmentación mixta factor-ítem de cuatro pasos que incluye análisis factorial, análisis de conglomerados, análisis discriminante y pruebas de chi-cuadrado para examinar las diferencias entre los segmentos del mercado turístico de PcDF, en términos de diversas características demográficas, condiciones de discapacidad (por ejemplo, duración de la discapacidad, causas de la discapacidad) y características de los viajes (por ejemplo, frecuencia de viaje, destinos turísticos).

Este estudio reveló que el mercado turístico de las PcDF es heterogéneo debido a las barreras de viaje percibidas por cada individuo. Se identificaron tres segmentos de mercado, a saber, el grupo de Exploradores Moderados, el grupo de Exploradores Mínimos y el grupo de Exploradores Intensivos. Los tres segmentos de mercado presentaban diferencias significativas en cuanto a las barreras para viajar, las características demográficas, las características del viaje y las condiciones de discapacidad.

Este estudio es el primero en aplicar las barreras percibidas para viajar como criterio de segmentación de mercado para comprender a las PcDF como un mercado turístico heterogéneo. Los hallazgos de este estudio amplían inicialmente el ámbito de aplicación del modelo de barreras para viajar y profundizan en la comprensión del mercado turístico chino de PcDF desde una perspectiva de marketing. Los resultados de nuestro estudio explicaron la heterogeneidad y las características de este mercado a través de un enfoque de segmentación mixta factor-ítem de cuatro pasos, contribuyendo a la literatura sobre el comportamiento y las experiencias de los viajeros con discapacidad.

Esta investigación proporciona sugerencias para que las autoridades y las entidades privadas puedan optimizar la disposición de instalaciones accesibles en zonas públicas en beneficio de todos. También ofrece implicaciones importantes a los comercializadores turísticos para que determinen aspectos clave del marketing, a los organizadores de viajes para que evolucionen en la organización de grupos de viaje para PcDF y a los profesionales para que presten servicios turísticos personalizados.

The physiological and psychological issues that limit people with vision impairment make it difficult for them to participate in tourism activities and enjoy the various benefits of tourism. This study aims to construct a theoretical model of the tourism-influencing factors that can lead to problems for people with vision impairment to meet their travel desires and improve their enjoyment of life.

This study adopted a mixed-methods approach. A theoretical model of the tourism-influencing factors for people with vision impairment was constructed based on grounded theoretical analysis of interviews and was then tested in a quantitative survey.

In the first stage, a new theoretical model of the tourism-influencing factors for people with vision impairment was conducted. In the second stage, five research hypotheses arising from the theoretical model were tested in a quantitative survey. The results show that internal psychological perception, perceived behavioural control and perceived social intention have a significant positive impact on the tourism intention behaviour of people with vision impairment. However, subjective norms do not significantly influence the tourism behaviour intention of people with vision impairment.

The right to tourism should be available to disabled as well as to able-bodied people. Few tourism research studies have focused on people with vision impairment, and the influencing factors on the behaviour of people with vision impairment have not received due attention. This study extends the theoretical model of the theory of planned behaviour and provides a new perspective for understanding the travel behaviour intention of people with vision impairment.

视障者受生理和心理问题的限制, 较难参与旅游活动并享受旅游带来的各种好处。本研究旨在构建出视障者旅游行为影响因素理论模型, 以满足视障群体的旅游需求, 并提高他们的生活幸福感。

本研究采用混合研究方法。以访谈为基础进行扎根理论分析, 构建出视障者旅游行为影响因素的理论模型, 并通过定量研究验证模型。

第一阶段, 构建了视障者旅游行为影响因素的新理论模型。第二阶段, 根据构建出的理论模型提出五个研究假设, 并通过定量研究进行验证。研究结果显示内在心理感知、知觉行为控制和社会支持感知对视障者旅游行为意向存在显著正向影响, 而主观规范对视障者旅游行为意向的影响不显著。

视障者同健全者拥有平等的旅游权利。但旅游研究中针对视障群体的研究很少, 对视障者旅游行为影响因素的研究更未得到应有的重视。本研究拓展了计划行为理论模型, 为理解视障者旅游行为意向提供了新的视角。

La limitación de los problemas físicos y psicológicos de las personas con discapacidad visual, dificulta su participación en actividades turísticas y el disfrute de los beneficios del turismo. El objetivo de este estudio es construir un modelo teórico de los factores que influyen en el turismo y que puedan causar problemas a las personas con discapacidad visual para satisfacer sus deseos turísticos y mejorar su disfrute de la vida.

En este estudio se utilizó un método mixto. Sobre la base del análisis de la teoría de la raíz de la entrevista, se construye el modelo teórico de los factores que influyen en el turismo de las personas con discapacidad visual.

En la primera etapa, se establece un nuevo modelo teórico sobre los factores que influyen en el turismo de las personas con discapacidad visual. En la segunda etapa, se investigan cuantitativamente las cinco hipótesis de investigación presentadas por el modelo teórico. Los resultados mostraron que la percepción psicológica interna, el control del comportamiento percibido y la intención social percibida tenían un efecto positivo significativo en el comportamiento de la intención turística de los pacientes con discapacidad visual. Sin embargo, las normas subjetivas no tienen un efecto significativo en la intención de comportamiento turístico de las personas con discapacidad visual.

Las personas con discapacidad y las personas sanas tienen derecho al turismo. Pocas investigaciones turísticas se centran en las personas con discapacidad visual, y no se presta la debida atención a los factores que influyen en el comportamiento de las personas con discapacidad visual. Este estudio amplió el modelo teórico de la teoría del comportamiento planificado y proporcionó una nueva perspectiva para entender la intención de comportamiento de viaje de las personas con discapacidad visual.

Hotel employees’ occupational stigma is often overlooked. Exploration of hotel employees’ occupational stigma representations, perception pathways and destigmatization provides an empirical basis for positive organizational behavior and psychology in the hotel industry. Therefore, this study aims to better understand the mechanism underlying inherent of occupational stigma.

This study adopts a five-factor narrative analysis involving stigma narrative interviews with a purposed sampling of hotel employees (n = 18). Based on occupational stigma and resource conservation theories, this study designed a five-factor narrative analysis structure chart as the basis for data analysis.

Findings indicate the existence of four quadrants of perceived occupational stigma attribute distribution, two paths of perceived occupational stigma formation and a more systematic occupational destigmatization mechanism path.

The occupational destigmatization path and countermeasures proposed in this study can resolve talent drain and eliminate stereotyping in the hotel industry, which promote the industry’s rapid recovery and sustainable healthy development, providing the practical management guidelines for public communication via social media, and offer practical significance for existing hotel human resource management in modules such as organizational culture and training.

This study broadens investigations of occupational stigma in a single, static context and explains the relationship between hotel employees’ stigma perceptions and destigmatization paths. Further, the mechanism of emotional energy distribution on spatial stigma was identified. These results have practical implications for organizational culture, training and employee care in hotel human resource management.

This paper aims to develop a theoretical method to analyze the rotation accuracy of rotating machinery with multi-support structures. The method effectively considers the geometric errors and assembly deformation of parts.

A method composed of matrix and FEA methods is proposed to do the analysis. The deviation propagation analysis results and external loads are set as boundary conditions of the model which is built with Timoshenko beam elements to calculate the spatial pose of the rotor. The calculation is performed repeatedly as the rotation angle increased to get the rotation trajectories of concerned nodes, and further evaluation is done to get the rotation accuracy. Additionally, to get more reliable results, the bearing motion errors and stiffness are analyzed by a static model considering manufacturing errors of parts.

The feasibility of the proposed method is verified through a case study of a high-precision spindle. The method reasonably predicts the rotation accuracy of the spindle.

For rotating machinery with multi-support structures, the paper proposes a modeling method to predict the rotation accuracy, simultaneously considering geometric errors and assembly deformation of parts. This would improve the accuracy of tolerance analysis.

Begging is undoubtedly an ancient phenomenon but when explored from the tourism perspective, it is relatively new. Begging has existed across several historical periods, but with sophistication and savviness, it has developed into a lucrative form of tourism business. While previous studies have reasonably explored the beggar–tourist interaction in several socio-economic contexts, the present one attempts to research an unusual aspect of these encounters which is termed as “black market tourism.” In the current study, black market is explained as a clandestine but visible market where tourism transactions take place within three important stakeholders, namely, the beggars, the tourists and shopkeepers. The transaction is found to have some aspects of illegality, but ultimately, serves the manifest function of yielding money and growing the underground network. This triangular interaction is therefore of relevance to understand the functioning of this black market involving those key stakeholders. With this notion as foundation, this study aims to empirically and conceptually explore the phenomenon of black market tourism which is derived from the beggar–tourist– shopkeeper encounter in an important city of India called Hyderabad. The specific location of the study was Chaar Minaar, a popular tourism city with ancient monument and shopping places in Hyderabad (India). Tourism in India is undeniably infused with the notions of color and culture, but how this colorful context gradually developed into a colorless black market tourism economy is worthy of study.

From a methodological point of view, this conceptual paper draws on unobtrusive research methods (written records, non-participant observations, informal interviews and occasional photography).

Findings show that begging is developing into a lucrative industry without costly investment and beggars operate in a cartel. The black tourism market is found to be an emerging underground tourism economy with established stakeholders, who are rapidly progressing and growing their network. The network is seen to be increasingly attracting educated and young professionals.

The research is explorative and provides a consistent and empirically based starting point for research on black market tourism involving beggar–tourist and beggar–shopkeeper interactions in Indian cities. The sample being very limited, it is important to stress the limited possibilities to generalize the findings of this study to other destinations. Moreover, the assumption that the background of the local researcher might have influenced the interpretation of primary data need not be neglected, thus suggesting a further examination to confirm validity of the results.

The study provides information not only to destination managers interested to diversify the tourism product, but also to policymakers who are fighting against begging in the city of Hyderabad. The beggar experience can be used to attract more tourists seeking authenticity, provided that the process is improved by adding in some level of professionalism. For instance, beggars could be trained to perform decently in a town hall where tourists are invited to attend cultural shows. To some extent, this study may also help empowering beggars to become part of the tourism ecosystem. This is important, as modern society has disempowered economically disadvantaged members of the community (Hutton, 2016). Ultimately, the study attempted to show that disempowered members of the community are not always passive and powerless. They can create business out of another business (a re-invented form of beggarism that has potential to generate money from tourism).

The study has a social aspect as it takes the involvement of three stakeholders, namely, the tourists, the beggars and the shopkeepers. The study shows how begging transactions affect the three stakeholders and it sheds light on its overall impact on Hyderabad, as a tourism destination.

To the best of authors’ knowledge, no tourism study (academic and non-academic) has so far considered the beggar–tourist encounter from a black market perspective. The findings offer new information on a reinvented form of beggarism and unveils that this black market is a well-entrenched system operated by an educated pool of people and professionals. Ultimately, the study attempts to show that disempowered members of the community (beggars) are not always passive and powerless. They can create business out of another business (a re-invented form of beggarism that has potential to generate money out of tourism).