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The problem The resistance to intercrystalline corrosion has been the subject of very thorough investigations. On reading through published research results it is, however, surprising that all the large scale investigations were done on rolled material, whilst information on weld metal is very sparse.

Paradox has been an instrument to challenge the traditional expected utility theory. Paradox arises from the inconsistency between the empirical or experimental results and the theoretical deductions. In the expected utility theory field, there are many paradoxes or effects showing behaviors that are contradictory to the “theoretical” ones. Many studies questioned the validity of the expected utility theory by means of these paradoxes; while many others disqualified the expected utility theory as a descriptive model for human decision making behaviors. Among these paradoxes or effects, the Allais Paradox raised by Allais in 1953 is the most famous one.

If regionalism is defined as designing responsibly in reaction to a local context, then critical regionalism can be defined as doing so without denying the universally enlightening content of the modernist project. Armed with this definition, this article attempts to analyze two houses by architect Han Tümertekin that are set in a rural context in a very small Aegean village in Turkey. The aim of the paper is to explore the extent to which these two buildings embrace the tenets of critical regionalism and to understand the local relevance as well as international esteem of the buildings.

Reinforced concrete (R.C.) beams are part of the structure so their design depends on the structural code and its requirements. In this paper, two simply supported R.C. beams were designed in terms of flexural and shear strength design requirements and investigated in terms of deflections and crack widths, when subjected to two asymmetric concentrated loadings, where one load is double the other one. Both beams had dimensions of 3,500 mm length, 200 mm width, and 300 mm height. The first beam (beam B1) was designed according to the combination of the structural requirements of American and Saudi building codes (ACI318-and-SBC304), while the second beam (beam B2) was designed according to the structural requirements of Eurocode (EC2). The paper aims to discuss these issues.

The design of ultimate capacity (section capacity) to design both flexure and shear capacity according to the design provisions in EC2 code deals with the Ultimate Limit State Design Approach, while it deals with the Ultimate Strength Design Approach according to the design provisions in both ACI318 and SBC304 codes. In the serviceability (mid-span deflection and flexural crack width) check, the three codes deal with the Serviceability Limit State Design Approach.

The laboratory behaviour of both test beams was as expected in flexure and failed in shear, but there was more shear cracks in the left shear span for both beams. This refers to the left applied loading and the spacing of shear links, where the failure occurred at the higher loading points. Perhaps, if the number of links was increased in the left side of the beam during the manufacture and reinforcing of the beam, the failure loading will be delayed and the diagonal cracks will be decreased.

From this study, it was concluded that: the ACI318 and SBC304 design approaches are safer than the EC2 design approach. The EC2 design approach is more economic than the ACI318 and SBC304 design approaches. The structural behaviour of both test beams was as expected in flexure but both beams failed in shear. The shear failure was in the left side of both test beams which was referred to a high loading point. Diagonal cracks followed the applied loading until both beams reached to the failure.

Problem 2 of the International Workshop for Eddy Current Code Comparison is a hollow cylinder with its axis perpendicular to a uniform sinuosoidal field. A total of 10 solutions, employing 9 different computer codes, are described and compared with analytic results. Most codes were 2‐D finite element and were found to give satisfactory solutions.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether and how bundling services may achieve leverage of market power from the telco's home to a secondary service market (e.g. video broadcasting). Despite digital convergence, in many countries the former telco monopolist remains to hold significant market power in its home market for telecommunication services.

To this extent the author considers a formal game‐theoretic model where the telco firm holds a monopoly in the market for telecommunications services, while competing with a cable firm in the market for video broadcasting services. Services may differ in quality. For the firms, the provision of high‐quality services is more costly than the provision of low‐quality services. Conversely, consumers have a greater reservation price for higher service qualities. Therefore firms face a trade off between revenues and cost when selecting the optimal service quality.

The model shows that the telco firm can achieve market power leverage by bundling its services, which therefore is more profitable than offering each service separately. In particular, the quality leverage mechanism is highlighted, which reveals that bundling alters the optimal service quality choice of the competitors favorably.

Like every game‐theoretic model, the present model rests on formal assumptions representing stylized facts. Future research should determine these by empirical evidence.

The paper reveals how bundling may be employed as a strategic weapon in order to increase profits in the converging communications market.

The paper shows that bundling communications services can not only have significant ramifications for the quality of these services, but also for the competition in industry.

THE normal control surfaces of an aeroplane are the elevator (for pitching); the rudder (for yawing); and the ailerons (for rolling). In certain cases the ailerons may be replaced or augmented by spoilers, conveniently placed just in front of the ailerons, or at the same chordal position further inboard.

This chapter describes the scenario technique used for the integrative methodological approach (IMA) of the German global change project GLOWA Elbe. It is outlined how regional scenarios are systematically derived to analyze water use conflicts and their resolution in the context of global change for the German Elbe river basin. Through the combination of frameworks of development and policy strategies a consistent set of developmental scenarios can be generated that makes it possible to examine the regional impact of policy strategies under conditions of different future global change development paths. The scenario analysis of the framework of development starts on the global level with qualitative IPCC storylines, translates them to the regional level, and quantifies their regional effects by means of modeling and statistical estimation methods. The policy strategies are derived in close cooperation with regional stakeholders.

The limitation of bridges’ operation can cause serious social, environmental and economic losses. Therefore, the monitoring and maintenance actions of these structures must be efficient and periodic, especially for bridges located in aggressive environments, such as urban-industrial centres, where the higher volume of carbon dioxide emissions favours carbonation induced corrosion. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the utility of including non-destructive testing (NDTs) to bridges assessment in that regions as a way of obtaining more in-depth information on the conditions of the material composing the structure.

First, the main bridges’ damages were detected by visual inspection. Then, based on the observations of bridges design, environment and main damages, an NDT programme was executed including surface hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, pH indicator spraying, half-cell potential measurements and concrete resistivity tests.

It was observed that, for the studied cases, the carbonation did not present harmful depths, except for the structural elements where segregation and wear of the concrete were noticed. NDTs, associated with visual inspection, indicated the regions where corrective or preventive maintenance actions were actually needed, bringing greater security to the decision maker in regions where repairs are unnecessary or could be postponed.

This paper highlights the contribution of NDTs application in structures in urban-industrial regions where the main mechanism of deterioration is carbonation-induced corrosion, demonstrating the importance of these methods in the rational decision making of investments for maintenance.